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Crinoids are marine animals belonging to the phylum Echinodermata and the class Crinoidea. They are an ancient fossil group that first appeared in the seas of the mid Cambrian, about 300 million years before dinosaurs. They flourished in the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic eras and some survive to the present day.
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The term crinoid (CRY-noid) is derived from ancient Greek, krinon, meaning ¡°lily,¡± because some crinoids resemble the flower.
Crinoids are commonly known as sea lilies due to their "flower-like" appearance , though they are animals, not plants.
Crinoids are echinoderms related to starfish, sea urchins, and brittle stars.
Today, more than 660 species of living crinoid have been identified, and more than 6,000 fossil species have been described, with the oldest dating to the Tremadocian Stage (485.4 – 477.7 million years ago) of Ordovician Period. In the sections that follow, we will explore the anatomy of crinoids before looking at their diversity and ecology from the Ordovician to the present.
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Crinoids can very basically be described as upside-down starfish with a stems. The stem of a crinoid extends down from what would be the top of a starfish, leaving the mouth of the organism opening skyward, with the arms splayed out. However, crinoid arms look articulated and feathery. The stalk extends down from the aboral surface of the calyx. The stalk column has holdfasts which attach the animal to substrate.
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Most sea stars and sea urchins are mobile and actively search for food, but stalked crinoids attach to a firm object or the seafloor. They rely upon currents to bring small organic particles and plankton. Whereas seas stars have mouths on their undersides, crinoid mouths are directed upward. Feather-like arms contain ¡°food¡± grooves lined with sticky tube feet. The tube feet catch organic particles suspended in the water and pass them along the grooves in the arms to the central mouth.
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In today¡¯s oceans, the majority of crinoids are capable of moving themselves. Some species of comatulids (i.e., feather stars) are even capable of swimming for short periods. Those that cannot swim, including some feather stars and the isocrinids, move instead by crawling along the seafloor. By being mobile, these crinoids can position themselves for more efficient filter feeding and, critically, mobility allows the crinoids to escape some of their predators, like sea urchins and fish.
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Well, kind of. A Crinoid¡¯s feather-like arms are covered with a sticky mucus which traps food that happens to float past. Then, the tiny tube feet that cover the arms, pass the food particles to the centre of the arm where it is transported to their mouth.
Crinoids are commonly found in water deeper than 200 metres, but sometimes the variety without stalks will be seen in much shallower water.
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