영어 수동태(Passive Voice) 완벽 정리!
1. 수동태(Passive Voice)란?
수동태란 "주어가 동작을 받는 문장"을 의미합니다.
▶ 능동태(Active Voice): 주어가 직접 동작을 함
▶ 수동태(Passive Voice): 주어가 동작을 당함
♠ 수동태 공식:
be 동사 + 과거분사(Past Participle, PP)
능동태 vs. 수동태 예문
He writes a book. (그는 책을 쓴다.) 능동태 (Active)
A book is written by him. (책이 그에 의해 쓰인다.) 수동태 (Passive)
They built a house. (그들은 집을 지었다.) 능동태 (Active)
A house was built by them. (집이 그들에 의해 지어졌다.) 수동태 (Passive)
She will complete the project. (그녀가 프로젝트를 완료할 것이다.) 능동태 (Active)
The project will be completed by her. (프로젝트가 그녀에 의해 완료될 것이다.) 수동태 (Passive)
2. 수동태를 사용하는 경우
1) 행위자를 강조할 필요가 없을 때
문장에서 "누가" 했는지가 중요하지 않을 경우 수동태를 사용
과학적, 공적인 문장에서 많이 사용됨
예문
Coffee is grown in Brazil. (커피는 브라질에서 재배된다.)
The new policy was introduced last year. (새 정책은 작년에 도입되었다.)
English is spoken all over the world. (영어는 전 세계에서 사용된다.)
2) 행위자를 알 수 없거나 굳이 밝힐 필요가 없을 때
"누가 했는지" 모르는 경우 혹은 필요 없는 경우
예문
My wallet was stolen. (내 지갑이 도난당했다.)
A cure for the disease has been discovered. (그 병에 대한 치료법이 발견되었다.)
3) 객관적인 문장을 만들 때 (공식적인 글쓰기)
신문기사, 연구 보고서, 뉴스 등에서 자주 사용
예문
A new bridge is being constructed in the city. (새로운 다리가 도시에서 건설 중이다.)
Many studies have been conducted on this topic. (이 주제에 대한 많은 연구가 수행되었다.)
4) 문장의 초점을 행동이나 결과에 둘 때
능동태: 행위자가 강조됨
수동태: 동작을 받은 대상이 강조됨
예문
능동태: Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. (토마스 에디슨이 전구를 발명했다.)
수동태: The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison. (전구는 토마스 에디슨에 의해 발명되었다.)
---- 발명된 것은 전구가 중요한 것이므로 수동태 사용!
3. 다양한 시제에서 수동태 활용
시제 : 능동태 수동태
현재 단순형 He writes a book. A book is written by him.
현재 진행형 He is writing a book. A book is being written by him.
현재 완료형 He has written a book. A book has been written by him.
과거 단순형 He wrote a book. A book was written by him.
과거 진행형 He was writing a book. A book was being written by him.
과거 완료형 He had written a book. A book had been written by him.
미래 단순형 He will write a book. A book will be written by him.
미래 완료형 He will have written a book. A book will have been written by him.
4. 수동태에서 "by + 행위자" 사용 여부
"by + 행위자"를 생략하는 경우
행위자가 불분명하거나 중요하지 않을 때
문장이 너무 길어지는 것을 방지하기 위해
The room was cleaned. (방이 청소되었다.)
→ "누가" 청소했는지가 중요하지 않음.
"by + 행위자"를 포함하는 경우
행위자를 강조하고 싶을 때 사용
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
(모나리자는 레오나르도 다빈치에 의해 그려졌다.)
5. 다양한 문장에서 수동태 활용
1) 일반적인 문장에서의 수동태
The meeting was canceled. (회의가 취소되었다.)
The application has been approved. (신청이 승인되었다.)
2) 조동사와 함께 쓰이는 수동태
---조동사 + be + 과거분사
This rule must be followed. (이 규칙은 지켜져야 한다.)
The car should be repaired soon. (그 차는 곧 수리되어야 한다.)
3) 수동태의 진행형
--- be 동사 + being + 과거분사
A new stadium is being built in the city. (새 경기장이 도시에서 건설 중이다.)
The problem was being solved. (그 문제는 해결되고 있었다.)
4) 수동태의 완료형
--- have/has/had been + 과거분사
The package has been delivered. (그 소포는 배달되었다.)
The project had been completed before the deadline. (그 프로젝트는 마감 기한 전에 완료되었다.)
5) 동사구가 포함된 수동태
--- 동사구(구동사, Phrasal Verbs)도 수동태로 변환 가능
The meeting was called off. (회의가 취소되었다.)
The offer was turned down. (제안이 거절되었다.)
수동태의 핵심 요점 정리
♠ 수동태 기본 공식: be 동사 + 과거분사(PP)
♠ 능동태 → 수동태 변환 시 목적어를 주어로 변경
♠ 수동태 사용 시기:
행위자가 불분명하거나 중요하지 않을 때
공적인 문장, 과학적 글쓰기, 객관적 서술
행동보다는 결과에 초점을 둘 때
♠ 다양한 시제에서 활용 가능
♠ 조동사, 진행형, 완료형과도 함께 사용 가능
블로그에서 확인해주세요
지각,사역동사의 수동태
수동태가 불가능한 동사
4형식문장의 수동태
인식, 전달 동사의 수동태
예문을 봅시다.
1. 일반적인 수동태 예문
(1) 단순 현재형 수동태
능동태: They clean the classroom every day.
→ 수동태: The classroom is cleaned every day. (교실은 매일 청소된다.)
능동태: He writes a letter.
→ 수동태: A letter is written (by him). (편지가 쓰여진다.)
(2) 단순 과거형 수동태
능동태: She painted the wall yesterday.
→ 수동태: The wall was painted yesterday. (벽이 어제 칠해졌다.)
능동태: They built the bridge in 1990.
→ 수동태: The bridge was built in 1990. (그 다리는 1990년에 지어졌다.)
(3) 미래형 수동태
능동태: She will complete the project next week.
→ 수동태: The project will be completed next week. (그 프로젝트는 다음 주에 완료될 것이다.)
능동태: They will open the new mall soon.
→ 수동태: The new mall will be opened soon. (새로운 쇼핑몰이 곧 개장될 것이다.)
(4) 현재 진행형 수동태
능동태: They are watching the movie now.
→ 수동태: The movie is being watched now. (영화가 지금 시청되고 있다.)
능동태: She is baking a cake.
→ 수동태: A cake is being baked. (케이크가 구워지고 있다.)
(5) 과거 진행형 수동태
능동태: They were repairing the road.
→ 수동태: The road was being repaired. (도로가 수리되고 있었다.)
능동태: She was writing a novel.
→ 수동태: A novel was being written. (소설이 쓰여지고 있었다.)
(6) 현재 완료형 수동태
능동태: They have finished the report.
→ 수동태: The report has been finished. (보고서는 완료되었다.)
능동태: She has sent the email.
→ 수동태: The email has been sent. (이메일이 발송되었다.)
(7) 과거 완료형 수동태
능동태: They had completed the task before the deadline.
→ 수동태: The task had been completed before the deadline. (그 작업은 마감 전에 완료되었다.)
능동태: She had delivered the package.
→ 수동태: The package had been delivered. (소포가 배달되었다.)
2. 조동사가 포함된 수동태
능동태: You must finish the homework.
→ 수동태: The homework must be finished. (숙제는 반드시 끝내야 한다.)
능동태: She should clean the house.
→ 수동태: The house should be cleaned. (집은 청소되어야 한다.)
능동태: They can solve the problem.
→ 수동태: The problem can be solved. (그 문제는 해결될 수 있다.)
능동태: He might buy a new car.
→ 수동태: A new car might be bought. (새 차가 구매될 수도 있다.)
3. 수여동사의 수동태 (간접목적어와 직접목적어)
수여동사(give, send, offer, teach 등)는 두 개의 목적어(간접 목적어 + 직접 목적어)를 가질 수 있습니다. 이 경우 두 가지 방식으로 수동태를 만들 수 있습니다.
능동태: He gave me a book.
→ I was given a book (by him). (나는 책을 받았다.)
→ A book was given to me (by him). (책이 나에게 주어졌다.)
능동태: They sent her a letter.
→ She was sent a letter. (그녀는 편지를 받았다.)
→ A letter was sent to her. (편지가 그녀에게 보내졌다.)
4. 관용 표현에서의 수동태
People say that he is rich. (사람들은 그가 부자라고 말한다.)
→ It is said that he is rich. (그가 부자라고 말해진다.)
→ He is said to be rich. (그는 부자라고 여겨진다.)
They believe that she is a great leader.
→ It is believed that she is a great leader.
→ She is believed to be a great leader.
Someone told me the truth.
→ I was told the truth.
→ The truth was told to me.
5. 동사구가 포함된 수동태
일부 구동사(Phrasal Verbs)도 수동태로 전환할 수 있습니다.
능동태: They put off the meeting. (그들은 회의를 연기했다.)
→ 수동태: The meeting was put off. (회의가 연기되었다.)
능동태: They called off the event. (그들은 행사를 취소했다.)
→ 수동태: The event was called off. (행사가 취소되었다.)
능동태: They look after the baby. (그들은 아기를 돌본다.)
→ 수동태: The baby is looked after. (아기는 돌봐진다.)
능동태: They talked about the problem. (그들은 문제에 대해 이야기했다.)
→ 수동태: The problem was talked about. (그 문제는 이야기되었다.)
6. 목적격 보어를 포함한 수동태
목적격 보어(Objective Complement)가 포함된 문장도 수동태로 전환할 수 있습니다.
능동태: They made him a leader.
→ 수동태: He was made a leader. (그는 리더가 되었다.)
능동태: People consider her a genius.
→ 수동태: She is considered a genius. (그녀는 천재라고 여겨진다.)
7. 비인칭 주어(it)를 사용하는 수동태
능동태: They say that he is honest.
→ 수동태: It is said that he is honest. (그는 정직하다고 말해진다.)
능동태: People think that she is intelligent.
→ 수동태: It is thought that she is intelligent. (그녀는 똑똑하다고 여겨진다.)
이처럼 수동태는 다양한 형태로 활용될 수 있습니다. 목적에 맞게 적절한 형태를 선택하여 사용하면 더욱 효과적인 영어 문장을 만들 수 있습니다!
1. 단순 현재형 (Present Simple Passive)
The book is read by many students. (그 책은 많은 학생들에 의해 읽힌다.)
The room is cleaned every day. (그 방은 매일 청소된다.)
The mail is delivered in the morning. (우편물이 아침에 배달된다.)
English is spoken in many countries. (영어는 많은 나라에서 사용된다.)
The windows are washed once a week. (창문은 일주일에 한 번 닦인다.)
2. 단순 과거형 (Past Simple Passive)
The painting was stolen last night. (그 그림은 지난밤 도난당했다.)
The bridge was built in 1990. (그 다리는 1990년에 지어졌다.)
The letter was sent yesterday. (그 편지는 어제 보내졌다.)
The cake was baked by my mom. (그 케이크는 우리 엄마가 구웠다.)
The car was repaired last week. (그 차는 지난주에 수리되었다.)
3. 미래형 (Future Passive)
The project will be finished soon. (그 프로젝트는 곧 끝날 것이다.)
The new law will be introduced next year. (새 법안은 내년에 도입될 것이다.)
A new hospital will be built in this area. (새로운 병원이 이 지역에 지어질 것이다.)
The invitations will be sent tomorrow. (초대장이 내일 보내질 것이다.)
The meeting will be postponed until next week. (회의는 다음 주까지 연기될 것이다.)
4. 현재 진행형 (Present Continuous Passive)
The road is being repaired now. (그 도로는 지금 수리되고 있다.)
The cake is being decorated by the chef. (그 케이크는 셰프에 의해 장식되고 있다.)
A new mall is being constructed in the city center. (새 쇼핑몰이 도심에 건설되고 있다.)
The documents are being printed at the moment. (그 서류들은 지금 인쇄되고 있다.)
The house is being painted white. (그 집은 흰색으로 칠해지고 있다.)
5. 과거 진행형 (Past Continuous Passive)
The problem was being discussed when I entered the room. (내가 방에 들어갔을 때, 그 문제는 논의되고 있었다.)
The building was being renovated last year. (그 건물은 작년에 보수 중이었다.)
The concert was being recorded for television. (그 콘서트는 TV 방송을 위해 녹화되고 있었다.)
The report was being written when he arrived. (그가 도착했을 때, 보고서는 작성 중이었다.)
The food was being prepared when we arrived. (우리가 도착했을 때, 음식이 준비되고 있었다.)
6. 현재 완료형 (Present Perfect Passive)
The documents have been signed by the manager. (그 서류들은 매니저에 의해 서명되었다.)
The work has been completed on time. (그 작업은 제시간에 완료되었다.)
The new policy has been implemented successfully. (새 정책은 성공적으로 시행되었다.)
Many books have been written about this topic. (이 주제에 대해 많은 책이 쓰여졌다.)
The tickets have been sold out. (그 티켓들은 매진되었다.)
7. 과거 완료형 (Past Perfect Passive)
The message had been sent before he called. (그 메시지는 그가 전화하기 전에 보내졌다.)
The castle had been destroyed before we arrived. (그 성은 우리가 도착하기 전에 파괴되었다.)
The job had been offered to someone else. (그 일자리는 다른 사람에게 제안되었다.)
The bridge had been repaired before the flood came. (홍수가 오기 전에 다리는 수리되었다.)
The dinner had been prepared when the guests arrived. (손님들이 도착했을 때 저녁이 준비되어 있었다.)
8. 조동사가 포함된 수동태 (Passive with Modals)
The work must be done by tomorrow. (그 일은 내일까지 끝내야 한다.)
The problem can be solved easily. (그 문제는 쉽게 해결될 수 있다.)
The house should be cleaned regularly. (그 집은 정기적으로 청소되어야 한다.)
The rules must be followed by everyone. (그 규칙은 모든 사람이 따라야 한다.)
The document might be lost. (그 문서는 분실되었을 수도 있다.)
9. 수여동사의 수동태 (Passive with Ditransitive Verbs)
He was given a gift. (그는 선물을 받았다.)
A gift was given to him. (선물이 그에게 주어졌다.)
She was sent a letter. (그녀는 편지를 받았다.)
A letter was sent to her. (편지가 그녀에게 보내졌다.)
They were offered a new contract. (그들은 새로운 계약을 제안받았다.)
10. 동사구가 포함된 수동태 (Passive with Phrasal Verbs)
The meeting was called off. (그 회의는 취소되었다.)
The movie was turned off before it ended. (그 영화는 끝나기 전에 꺼졌다.)
The guests were taken care of by the staff. (손님들은 직원들에 의해 돌봐졌다.)
The application was filled out by the student. (그 지원서는 학생이 작성했다.)
The song was listened to by millions of people. (그 노래는 수백만 명이 들었다.)
수동태 문장
The building was damaged by the earthquake last night.
A national conference is held every year in this city.
The secret note is passed from one spy to another.
We will be invited to a wedding party next weekend.
A new law was made by the government last month.
Many houses were damaged by the hurricane last year.
The annual meeting is held in December.
The final decision was passed by the committee yesterday.
You were invited to the ceremony last week.
The new policy was made to improve education.
The road was damaged due to heavy rain.
The Olympic Games are held every four years.
The envelope was passed to the manager by the secretary.
They have been invited to the international conference.
Many efforts have been made to solve the problem.
His reputation was damaged by false rumors.
The championship game will be held in our school next year.
The test papers were passed to the students.
We were invited to the dinner party last night.
A great discovery was made by the scientist.
연습문제
[1] 빈칸 채우기: 괄호 안의 동사를 올바른 수동태 형태로 변형하세요.
The new shopping mall (build) in our town next year.
The documents (print) at the moment.
The suspect (arrest) by the police yesterday.
A new policy (introduce) by the government last month.
The results of the experiment (publish) in a scientific journal soon.
This book (translate) into many languages.
The windows (not clean) yet.
The famous painting (steal) from the museum last night.
A new bridge (construct) over the river at present.
The invitations (send) to all the guests last week.
[2]다음 중 올바른 수동태 문장을 선택하세요.
a) The cake was bake by my grandmother.
b) The cake was baked by my grandmother.
a) The meeting is being hold in the conference room.
b) The meeting is being held in the conference room.
a) The house was build last year.
b) The house was built last year.
a) A new school will be opened next year.
b) A new school will open next year.
a) The letter has been sent to the wrong address.
b) The letter has been send to the wrong address.
3] 문장 완성하기
다음 문장을 알맞은 수동태 형태로 완성하세요.
A new smartphone model ______ (release) every year.
Many famous artworks ______ (display) in the museum now.
This room ______ (not use) for a long time.
The homework ______ (must finish) before the deadline.
The job application ______ (already submit) by the candidate.
정답
[1] 빈칸 채우기
괄호 안의 동사를 수동태 형태로 변형하세요.
The new shopping mall will be built in our town next year.
The documents are being printed at the moment.
The suspect was arrested by the police yesterday.
A new policy was introduced by the government last month.
The results of the experiment will be published in a scientific journal soon.
This book has been translated into many languages.
The windows have not been cleaned yet.
The famous painting was stolen from the museum last night.
A new bridge is being constructed over the river at present.
The invitations were sent to all the guests last week.
[2] 올바른 수동태 문장 선택하기
b) The cake was baked by my grandmother.
b) The meeting is being held in the conference room.
b) The house was built last year.
a) A new school will be opened next year.
a) The letter has been sent to the wrong address.
[3] 문장 완성하기
A new smartphone model is released every year.
Many famous artworks are being displayed in the museum now.
This room has not been used for a long time.
The homework must be finished before the deadline.
The job application has already been submitted by the candidate.
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